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This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to wage war against Germany and to purge collaborators from office. France was divided into a German occupation zone in the north, an Italian occupation zone and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. Known as the Belle Époque, the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations.

good reasons to visit France in the spring

• In 2008 INSEE estimated that the number of foreign-born immigrants was around 5 million (8% of the population), while their French-born descendants numbered 6.5 million, or 11% of the population.
• According to the 2020 Environmental Performance Index conducted by Yale and Columbia, France was the fifth most environmentally conscious country in the world.
• Its continental part covers about 1000 km from north to south and from east to west.
• A new constitution resulted in the Fourth Republic (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (les Trente Glorieuses).
• The above blank map represents France, a country located in North Western Europe.

From 1966 to 1995 France did not participate in the integrated military structure of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), retaining full control over its own air, ground, and naval forces; beginning in 1995, however, France was represented on the NATO Military Committee, and in 2009 French President Nicolas Sarkozy announced that the country would rejoin the organization’s military command. France has also been influential in government and civil affairs, giving the world important democratic ideals in the age of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution and inspiring the growth of reformist and even revolutionary movements for generations. This tendency toward individualism joins with a pluralist outlook and a great interest in the larger world. On this matter historian Jules Michelet remarked, “England is an empire, Germany is a nation, a race, France is a person.” Statesman Charles de Gaulle, too, famously complained, “Only peril can bring the French together. Today, as in that era, central authority is vested in the state, even though a measure of autonomy has been granted to the country’s régions in recent decades.

Charlemagne’s son Louis I kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis’ three sons into East Francia, Middle Francia and West Francia. Proclaimed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III and thus establishing the French government’s longtime historical association with the Catholic Church, Charlemagne tried to revive the Western Roman Empire and its cultural grandeur. Pepin’s son Charlemagne reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and Central Europe. Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region Provincia Nostra (“Our Province”), which evolved into Provence in French.

The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the French Wars of Religion. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the French colonial empire. France was struck by the Black Death, from which half of the 17 million population died. Edward contested Philip’s throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent Hundred Years’ War between England and France.

France does not recognise religious law as a motivation for the enactment of prohibitions; it has long abolished blasphemy laws and sodomy laws. To be applicable, every law must be officially published in the Journal officiel de la République française. Criminal laws can only address the future and not the past (criminal ex post facto laws are prohibited). In agreement with the principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the law should only prohibit actions detrimental to society. Basic principles of the rule of law were laid in the Napoleonic Code (which was largely based on royal law codified under King Louis XIV). France uses a civil legal system, wherein law arises primarily from written statutes; judges are not to make law, but merely to interpret it (though the amount of judicial interpretation in certain areas makes it equivalent to case law in a common law system).

France Government

France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational European Union, notably by signing the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, establishing the eurozone in 1999 and signing the Treaty of Lisbon in 2007. However, he opposed any development of a supranational Europe, favouring sovereign nations. A new constitution resulted in the Fourth Republic (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (les Trente Glorieuses). Free France, the government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle, was set up in London.

Where is France?

The Vichy government, an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13 million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world’s land. The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by economic depression. Its causes were a combination of social, political and economic 1xbet malaysia factors, which the Ancien Régime proved unable to manage.

Historically and culturally among the most important nations in the Western world, France has also played a highly significant role in international affairs, with former colonies in every corner of the globe. The French Open, also called Roland-Garros, is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris. The national rugby union team has competed at every Rugby World Cup; it takes part in the annual Six Nations Championship.

The crown passed to Philip of Valois rather than Edward of Plantagenet, who became Edward III of England. Tensions between France and the Plantagenet empire would last a hundred years, until Philip II of France conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and Aquitaine to the Plantagenets. From the 11th century, the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the County of Anjou, established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of Maine and Touraine, then built an “empire” from England to the Pyrenees, covering half of modern France.

France retains strong political and economic influence in its former African colonies (Françafrique) and has supplied economic aid and troops for peacekeeping missions in Ivory Coast and Chad. It also hosts the headquarters of several international organisations, including the OECD, UNESCO, Interpol, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, and the OIF. Right-wing populist RN became the largest opposition party in the National Assembly in 2022. The prime minister, who is Sébastien Lecornu since 2025, is the head of government, appointed by the president to lead the government.